Custom Local Development Domains with Apache on Debian-based Systems
— 7 min read
I recently took a leap into the vast expanse of Linux, specifically choosing Parrot OS for my coding endeavors in security and web app development. The journey, to be honest, hasn’t exactly been a breeze. But, oddly enough, I've found the challenges invigorating. Every hiccup and every roadblock has been an opportunity to dive deeper, understand the intricacies of the OS, and ultimately grow as a coder. This constant learning and tinkering is, after all, the essence of what makes a simple coder like me a better hacker!
In this continuous voyage of discovery, one area that stood out as crucial, especially for those involved in web app development, is the setting up of custom local development domains. These domains not only streamline the development process but also mirror real-world scenarios, helping coders to better emulate and understand the deployment environment. In this guide, I'll walk you through how to set up these custom domains using Apache on Debian-based systems, drawing from my recent adventures with Parrot OS.
What is a Local Domain?
Picture the vast Star Wars galaxy. Each planet, like Tatooine or Hoth, has a unique name so that pilots and navigators know where to go. Now, imagine your computer as a mini-galaxy. In this mini-galaxy, instead of planets, you have websites.
A local domain is like naming one of those websites with a Star Wars planet name. Instead of visiting "127.0.0.1/tatooine," you'd visit "tatooine.local" or "tatooine.test" on your browser, and it would take you to a website you're working on, right on your computer.
It's just a way to make navigation easier and more fun in your mini-galaxy of projects!
Why did I use it for?
Well, in Laravel development you are advised to run php artisan serve when you want to start developing your project, then you navigate to 127.0.0.1:8000 and there it is your precious little project.
First of all, I hate running an extra command just to run a website... That's it really... I despise this extra step. Local domains solve that problem of mine so... here we are.
彳1. Hosts File
The hosts file in Linux systems is a text file that maps hostnames to IP addresses, allowing computers to manually override DNS resolution for specific addresses. It's often used for local testing, development, or blocking certain websites. Located at /etc/hosts, users can add custom associations between hostnames and IP addresses, but caution is advised to prevent connectivity issues.
Open the hosts file with sudo nano /etc/hosts and at the end of the hosts file add the desired name of your project:
127.0.0.1 sudorealm.test
this configuration maps the domain sudorealm.test to your local machine (127.0.0.1).
彳2. Set up Apache configuration
Navigate to Apache's sites-available directory
cd /etc/apache2/sites-available/
Create a new configuration file for the project
sudo nano sudorealm.conf
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName sudorealm.test
DocumentRoot /path/to/your/whatever/project/public
<Directory /path/to/your/whatever/project/public>
Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
AllowOverride All
Require all granted
</Directory>
</VirtualHost>
My project files are under the Code directory and I navigate to it with ~/Code/sudorealm/ but please keep in mind that the ~ is a shorthand for a user's home directory. In configuration files, especially server configurations like Apache's, it's best to use the absolute path. This is because the server might not understand or resolve the ~ shorthand in the same way a shell would. Apache doesn't interpret ~ as the home directory, so using it might lead to configuration errors.
And just to be clear, I tried it and it didn't work. 😄
💾 Save and close the file
Press CTRL + X to save then press Y to exit (in nano).
Enable the new configuration
sudo a2ensite sudorealm.conf
Ensure the mod_rewrite module is enabled
sudo a2enmod rewrite
Restart Apache
sudo systemctl restart apache2
Now if you've updated your /etc/hosts/ file appropriately and as mentioned, you should be able to access http://sudorealm.test in your browser.
Possible step: ⼻ No Permissions, Forbidden!
There are some times where you come across this pesky message while working on your local setup:
Forbidden
You don't have permission to access this resource.
Apache/2.4.56 (Debian) Server at sudorealm.test Port 80
No need for panic! 🚀 This usually indicates a permission issue. Here's a quick solution:
-
Assign Proper Ownership: Make sure your project and its sub-files are in the good hands of the web server user, which is commonly
www-dataon Debian-flavored systems.
sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /path/to/your/project/public
- Set Read and Execute Permissions: It's equally important for the Apache user to have the right to read your Laravel project files and stroll through its directories.
sudo chown -R yourusername:www-data /home/yourusername/Code/projectFolder
sudo chmod -R 775 /home/yourusername/Code/projectFolder
- Give Apache a Gentle Nudge: Lastly, remember to refresh Apache's memory to ensure it's up-to-date with these changes.
Possible step: ⼻ Wrong php version on Composer!
Since I am using Laravel I got the following message:
Composer detected issues in your platform: Your Composer dependencies require a PHP version ">= 8.1.0"
If you face this, even after confirming the correct PHP version using the php -v command, it means that Apache is still referencing the outdated PHP version. But not to worry, this can be easily rectified!
Here's a step-by-step to align Apache with the desired PHP version:
sudo a2dismod php7.4
sudo a2enmod php8.1
sudo service apache2 restart
With these commands, Apache is set to use PHP 8.1, ensuring smoother development experiences with php8.1.
😎 Hacking story.
The Stage: Marla, our InstaGlam diva, was living her best online life. Filters, fans, and fabulousness – she had it all.
The Sneaky Deed:
Enter Tyler, Marla's geek-chic BF wasn't just about the geek life for fun; he had skills. Flexing his Apache muscles, he meticulously crafted a twin InstaGlam site on his own server – every button, every shade, and every pixel echoed the real deal. When Marla was distracted, probably picking out her next killer filter, our man Tyler sneakily altered her hosts file. A few lines of code later, any time Marla tried to hit up InstaGlam, she'd land on Tyler's lookalike. The stage was set, the bait was in place, and Marla, none the wiser, waltzed right into Tyler's digital mirage.
The Twist: But Tyler's game had a bigger play. Instead of playing dirty, he went legit. With Marla's thumbs-up, he showcased the 'InstaGlam Swap' in webinars, selling cybersecurity tips and tricks. The cash? Oh, it flowed in, making Tyler the new cyber-rockstar. Marla? Oh, she will be way more careful. Especially now that she has felt how simple is to be hacked if you don't care about the little details.
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